Portugal Dinheiro in billon of King Sancho II, assigned to the 2nd Group of the Cross Pattée typology and listed by Alberto Gomes as S2.02.02. The obverse bears the legend • REX SANCIVS, while the reverse shows the fragmented medieval inscription PORTVGAL, characteristic of hammered coinage from the 13th century.

Portugal billon dinheiro coin attributed to King Sancho II, assigned to the 2nd Group of the Cross Pattée typology according to Alberto Gomes. This issue reflects the late phase of 13th‑century hammered coinage, marked by fragmented Gothic epigraphy and variations in silver content typical of medieval minting.

Portugal medieval billon dinheiro coin attributed to King Sancho II, belonging to the Cross Pattée typology of 13th‑century hammered issues. This specimen features an uncatalogued legend variant, illustrating the epigraphic diversity found in medieval Portuguese coinage.

Medieval billon dinheiro from the reign of King Sancho II, classified by Alberto Gomes as S2.08.01. The obverse shows four shields arranged in a cross with a central dot. The reverse is defined by the Equilateral Cross ✢, cantoned by four crescents ☾, each corresponding to the fragmented legend PORTVGAL.

Medieval dinheiro of King Sancho II, distinguished by the obverse iconography featuring four shields arranged in a cross with a central point, a defining typology of the S2.08.13 group. The legend SANCI REX / PORTVGAL confirms the attribution to the reign and reflects the Gothic epigraphic style of 13th‑century Portuguese coinage.

Medieval dinheiro in billon of King Sancho II, classified under the S2.08.13 group and identified by the obverse design with four shields arranged in a cross and a central point, characteristic of 13th‑century hammered issues. The legend SANCI REX / PORTVGAL reflects the Gothic script of the period and situates this coin within the development of early Portuguese medieval series.

This medieval dinheiro in billon of King Sancho II belongs to the S2.08.13 typology, defined by the obverse featuring four shields arranged in a cross with a central point, characteristic of 13th‑century hammered issues. The legend SANCI REX / PORTVGAL reinforces the attribution to the reign and illustrates the Gothic script used in early Portuguese coinage.

Medieval dinheiro in billon of King Sancho II, classified as S2.09.01 and identified by the obverse with four inward‑facing shields and the equilateral cross with pointed arms that interrupts the legend on the reverse. The inscription SANCI REX / PORTVGAL displays the characteristic Gothic monetary script of the 13th century, placing this coin within the epigraphic and iconographic development of the hammered issues of the reign.

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Sancho II, type S2.11.04, showing inward‑oriented side shields and an equilateral cross interrupting the PORTVGAL legend. Gothic monetary script of the 13th century.

Medieval coin of King Sancho II, group S2.11.04, featuring inward‑facing side shields and an equilateral cross dividing the legend. Hammered billon issue.

Medieval dinheiro of King Sancho II, distinguished by the obverse iconography featuring four shields arranged in a cross within a corded circle, and by the reverse with an Equilateral Cross flanked by crescents that segment the PORTVGALIAE legend. This S2.11.13 typology belongs to the advanced group of the reign’s issues, illustrating the Gothic epigraphic evolution and the iconographic diversity of 13th‑century hammered coinage.

Medieval dinheiro of King Sancho II featuring an obverse with a shield bearing three vertically aligned besants and a reverse with an Equilateral Cross flanked by alternating star and dot symbols that segment the PORTVGALIAE legend. This S2.15.01 typology belongs to the advanced issues of the reign, illustrating Gothic epigraphic refinement and the iconographic diversity of 13th‑century Portuguese hammered coinage.

Medieval dinheiro of King Sancho II featuring an obverse with a shield bearing two vertically aligned besants and a reverse with an Equilateral Cross flanked by alternating dot and star symbols that segment the PORTVGALIAE legend. This S2.17.02 typology belongs to the advanced issues of the reign, illustrating Gothic epigraphic development and the iconographic diversity of 13th‑century Portuguese hammered coinage.

Medieval dinheiro of King Sancho II, classified as S2.17.02, identifiable by the obverse shield with two vertically aligned besants and the reverse Equilateral Cross whose alternating dot‑and‑star symbols divide the PORTVGALIAE legend. This specimen reflects the Gothic stylistic traits of 13th‑century hammered issues and the iconographic variety characteristic of the coinage struck during the reign.

Medieval dinheiro of King Sancho II featuring an obverse with five shields arranged in a cross within a corded circle, the lateral shields set horizontally and oriented toward the center. The reverse displays an Equilateral Cross with recruszeted terminals ✢ overlapping the border and segmenting the PORTVGAL legend across the quadrants, marking the odd quadrants with a dot •. This S2.22.01 typology belongs to the later issues of the reign, illustrating Gothic epigraphic development and the iconographic variety of 13th‑century Portuguese hammered coinage.

Struck under King Sancho II, this billon dinheiro belongs to the mature phase of Portuguese medieval iconography, featuring the recruszeted cross and the fragmented legend PORTVGAL. The coin reflects the technical evolution of early national issues and preserves distinctive 13th‑century paleographic traits.

This is a portuguese billon coin of cotrim of King Afonso V (1438–1481), without mint mark, which I consider to represent a variant with previously unrecorded features. Several elements appear atypical when compared with specimens known to me that have appeared on the market in recent years. On the obverse, within an arc of a circle, is the crowned royal monogram, with a narrower crown decorated with pellets, and no mint mark is present. In the monogram, the uncial letter “A” displays a distinctive ornamental feature, with the terminal of the left stroke overlapping the main body of the letter. The circular arc does not touch the crowned monogram at any point. The legend is indistinct and illegible; however, the sequence “.QVI. F....” can be discerned in the lower part.

On the reverse, four triple lobed arches are linked by pellets, with additional inner pellets connecting the arches. At the outer corners of the lobed arches, dots appear instead of pellets, which constitutes a noteworthy peculiarity. The beginning of the legend, normally marked by a simple St. George–type cross, appears in this specimen to be a floriated cross. The legend is likewise indistinct and illegible; nevertheless, at the upper part it is possible to distinguish the beginning and the end of the inscription, seemingly reading “....I F A + AL....”. This reading cannot be confirmed with certainty, and it also seems unusual for this coin type to have legends ending with the letter “A”.

This specimen corresponds to the coin illustrated and published in fascicle 13, page 11, of the collection History of Portugal in Coins (Copyright © Cofina and Atlântico Press), with a partial image of the relevant page attached.

Espadim coin of King Afonso V (1438–1481), Espadim or 4 Reais Brancos, a rare variant with the obverse legend separated by double annulets instead of the usual two dots. Legend: +ALFONSVS 8 DEI 8 GRACIE 8 R / + ADIVTORIVN : NOSTRVN : IN : N. The Espadim has always been a highly prized coin among collectors, not only because of its scarcity but also due to its central allegory, which is extremely original considering the period in which it was struck, presenting a design that clearly stands out from other coins of its time. Within a smooth circular border, the field displays four double tetralobed arches, adorned on both the inner and outer sides with annulets, over which is superimposed a hand emerging from the right, grasping a short sword by the upper part of the blade. The sword runs along the entire central axis of the coin, with the legend interrupted at the hilt and at the tip of the blade; to the left, directly in front of the hand, appears the letter “A”. The Espadins were struck during the reign of King Afonso V, known as “The African,” the twelfth King of Portugal, born in 1432 and who reigned from 1438 until his death in 1481. His consort was Queen Isabel of Lancaster.

Half Real Preto Copper Coin of King Duarte I (1433–1438) of Portugal – Rare. It displays notable singularities: a crown decorated with a group of 6 superimposed pellets, arranged in 3 vertical pairs \ⵓⵓⵓ/, and a legend separated by rosettes (❁): €DVARDVS ❁ R€X ❁ PORT. King Duarte I, known as "The Eloquent", was the eleventh King of Portugal. He was born in 1391 and reigned from 1433 until his death in 1438. His wife was Queen Leonor of Aragon.

White Real coin (Real Branco) struck in billon under King John I (1385–1433), mintmark “L” for Lisbon, crown without dots on the peduncles, cross “✚” at the beginning of the legend, no hidden mark; legend: ✚ADIVTORIVm✿nOSTRVm✿QVI /✿F€CIT✿C€LLVm✿€T✿/ ✚IhnS‡D€I‡GRA‡R€X‡PO‡.... Coin struck during the reign of King John I, known as “the one of good memory,” the tenth king of Portugal, also referred to as the Master of Avis. He reigned from 1385 to 1433 and started the Second Dynasty.

Portuguese billon coin, Real Branco D. João I (1385-1433), "L" Lisbon, Hidden signal on the left, ✠ADIVTORIVm✿nOSTRVm✿QV✿F€€CIT✿C€€LLVm✿€✿

Portugal, a one-vintém silver coin of King João II (1481–1495), minted at the Porto Mint. It features a royal monogram, flanked on the right by a “P” surmounted by a dot “•” and on the left by an annulet “o”. Legend: ✚IOHANES:I•I:R:P:ET:A:D:GV: / ✚IOANES:I•I:R:P:ET:A:D:GVINE. A variety not catalogued by Alberto Gomes, with the “P” surmounted by a dot “•”. King João II (1481–1495), known as “the Perfect Prince,” was the thirteenth King of Portugal, born in 1455, and reigned from 1481 until his death in 1495. His wife was Leonor of Viseu.

Silver Vintém coin (20 Réis) of King João III, minted in Lisbon during his reign (1521–1557), representing an unclassified variant in the Alberto Gomes catalogues. The obverse features the crowned royal monogram flanked by pellets, with the legend IOANES III REX PORTGALI, while the reverse displays the crowned Portuguese coat of arms with the legend IOANES III REX PORTVGAL. This specimen is კარგად centered with minimal clipping and լավ relief, preserving clear details that allow accurate identification and numismatic appreciation. Hammered in high-grade silver (Ag. 916.6), with an approximate diameter of 19 mm and weight of 1.64 g.

Coin: silver vintém of King João III (1521–1557), corresponding to 20 réis in silver, type “LyR”, with the legend ⵘ IOANES•3•R:PORTVGALI / ⵘ IOANES•3•R:PORTVGALI, catalogued by Alberto Gomes as J3.50.01. This coin was struck during the reign of King João III (1521–1557), known as “The Pious”, the fifteenth King of Portugal, born in 1502 and who reigned from 1521 until his death in 1557. He was married to Catherine of Austria. João III was one of the monarchs who ordered the minting of the greatest diversity of coinage of Portugal’s second dynasty, in both gold and silver, among which the gold “Português” stands out, having a value of 10 cruzados at the time.

Portugal, silver coin of Vintém or 20 reais of D. João III 1521-1557, (Rare thype of (R-P / P-O ) mint Porto, Legend : ✥IOANES:3:R:PORTVGA / ✥IOANES:3:. The king D. João III (1521-1557), known as "The Pious", was the fifteenth King of Portugal, born in 1502 and reigned Portugal from 1521 until his death in 1557, his wife was D. Catherine of Austria. 

Portugal, silver Vintém Coin – King Sebastian I (1557–1578), legend: ✠PORTVG:ETALGARB / ✠SEBASTIANVS.REX.P. (on the reverse, a besant in each escutcheon). This coin was created by the Law of July 27, 1558, during the reign of King Sebastian I, known as “The Desired.” He was the sixteenth King of Portugal, born in 1554, and ruled from 1557 until his death in 1578. He never married.

Silver Tostão of D. Filipe II (1598–1621), a rare and unpublished issue, representing the only known specimen documented to date with a reverse featuring a cross surrounded by 12 separated dots. This 100 Reis silver coin displays, on the reverse, the Cross of the Order of Christ cantoned by five dots "ⵘ" arranged in an X formation, while the cross itself is encircled by 12 evenly spaced dots, three on each arm, positioned with one at the center and one at each extremity. The legend is separated by three dots "∵" and reads: ✣PHILIPPVS.D.G.REX.PORTVGALI.... / IN HOC ∵ SIGNO VINCES.

On the obverse, the crowned Portuguese royal coat of arms is flanked by the letters "L-B", each surrounded by four dots. Additional dots flank both the crown and the lower section of the shield. The crown is of Renaissance style, originally composed of two arches but here simplified into a single beaded arch, richly ornamented.

The reverse also reveals clear evidence of the minting process, with four visible compass guide circles in addition to the beaded border. Within the inner beaded circle, the Cross of the Order of Christ "✠" is again distinguished by its five-dot cantoning and the highly unusual arrangement of 12 surrounding dots grouped in threes along each arm. All these elements are positioned over a secondary compass circle, reinforcing the technical uniqueness of this piece. This configuration represents an unpublished and highly significant variant, and, to current knowledge, no other example has been recorded.

Portugal silver coin with countermarked of 100 Réis (type III) of D. Afonso VI 1656-1667 Law of March 22, 1663, on, 4 Vinténs Mint Porto of D. João IV 1640-1656, obverse inside pearly circle crown flanked by dots and dot under the mark "LXXX", Legend "D.G.REX.PORTVGALIE.ET.AL", on the reverse inside a pearly circle the Cross cornered by "P", Legend IN.HOC.SIGNO.VINCES", World Coins Portugal KM#426.3 Scarce variant with and without stamp

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Coin with 250 Réis countermark (rare “2S0” countermark, smaller size, variant type “G”) of King Afonso VI (1656–1667), applied on a Half Cruzado silver coin from Porto mint, of King João IV (1640–1656) — A. Gomes J4.91.11. The legend reads “...REX PORTVGALIE...” with smaller PPPP letters. Reference: World Coins Portugal KM#434.3. There are numerous unclassified and still-studied variants; however, this is the only coin I know of with this specific combination of typological and countermark variants, making it, in my opinion, an example of great rarity.

Coin countermarked with 500 Réis from the reign of King Afonso VI (1656–1667), in accordance with the Law of March 22, 1663, in the Kingdom of Portugal, and with the Royal Decree of July 6, 1663, and the Regulation of July 7, 1663, in the Kingdom of Brazil. This countermark is struck over a silver Cruzado coin from the reign of King João IV (1640–1656). There are several known variants of these countermarks; this example corresponds to the variant bearing the letter “S” instead of the numeral “5,” forming “S00” (World Coins Portugal KM#437). King Afonso VI (1656–1683), known by the epithet “The Victorious,” was the twenty-third King of Portugal. He was born in 1643 and reigned from 1656 until his death in 1683. His wife was Dona Maria Francisca Luísa Isabel d’Aumale and of Savoy. During his reign, coins were minted in copper, silver, and gold, and some of the most emblematic Portuguese coins were issued. However, in this reign only a single coin type was struck in copper, with all remaining issues being in silver and gold.

Portugal, silver coin with 500 Réis Countermark (S00, variant type "E") of King Afonso VI (1656–1683), struck over a silver Cruzado from the Évora Mint during the reign of King João IV (1640–1656) – World Coins Portugal KM#437.2. Coin likely recovered from a shipwreck, as indicated by the presence of saltwater corrosion. King Afonso VI, known as "The Victorious", was the 23rd King of Portugal, born in 1643, and reigned from 1656 until his death in 1683. He was married to Maria Francisca Luísa Isabel of Aumale and Savoy.

Portugal, Copper-nickel coin of 50 réis 1900 of D. Carlos I, World Coins Portugal KM#545. These 50 reis coins have two coinage variants with interesting characteristics that have never been studied or published to date in any study or catalogue, thus this information is unprecedented, the two distinguished variants occur in the stars flanking the date 1900, with coins with date stars with incuse letters ("A" 1900 "V"), star on the right has the letter "A" incuse and star on the left has the letter "V" Incuse, and the second variant which in my opinion is the scarcest , with the variant being stars of the date with incuse letters ("V" 1900 "A"), the star on the right has the letter "V" incuse and the star on the left has the letter "A" incuse, this being an anagram composed of (V +M+A), which is more or less noticeable in some copies depending on the perfection of the coinage and the condition of the coin.