Epigraphic variant with a partially readable legend, whose most plausible reconstruction is ALFONSVS RЄX / PORTVGAL. The paleographic uncertainty reflects die wear and the inherent irregularity of 13th‑century hammer‑struck billon issues, illustrating graphic diversity within the 1st Group of Afonso III.

Specimen with an incomplete inscription, retaining only partial elements that allow possible legend:  ALFONSVS RЄX / PORTVGAL. The loss of definition across several characters reflects die fatigue and extended circulation, typical of medieval billon issues attributed to Afonso III’s 1st Group, where numerous variants remain challenging to interpret.

Epigraphic variant of the medieval dinheiro of King Afonso III, identified by the reading ALFONSVS RX instead of the usual REX. This feature highlights die diversity within the billon issues of the reign, illustrating the paleographic evolution of hammer‑struck coinage in 13th‑century Portugal.

Epigraphic variant of the medieval dinheiro of King Afonso III, distinguished by the unusual form of the letter “E”, rendered as “€” in the legend ALFONSVS R€X. This paleographic feature reflects die diversity and subtle graphic variations within Portugal’s 13th‑century billon issues.

Epigraphic variant of the medieval dinheiro of King Afonso III, marked by the distinctive form of the letter “E”, rendered as “€” in the legend ALFONSVS R€X. This specimen shows traces of extended circulation, illustrating the natural wear found in 13th‑century hammer‑struck billon issues.

Epigraphic variant of the medieval dinheiro of King Afonso III of Portugal, distinguished by the reading AIFONSVS instead of the more common ALFONSVS. Classified within the 1st Group by Alberto Gomes, this issue illustrates the paleographic diversity of Portugal’s hammer‑struck coinage, where subtle legend variations reveal distinct die families and evolving iconographic patterns throughout the reign.

Epigraphic variant of the medieval dinheiro of King Afonso III, defined by the shortened legend ALFONSV REX, lacking the usual final “S” in ALFONSVS. This reading highlights die variations and graphic simplifications found in 13th‑century billon issues, illustrating the paleographic diversity of hammer‑struck Portuguese coinage.

Rare epigraphic variant of the medieval dinheiro of King Afonso III, defined by the legend ALFONSV‑S RЄ+, whose final character displays a morphology reminiscent of a Maltese cross. This paleographic feature, absent from the variants listed by Alberto Gomes, highlights die diversity and distinctive graphic solutions found in the hammer‑struck billon issues of 13th‑century Portugal.

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Afonso III, assigned to the 2nd Group of the A3 typology and distinguished by the epigraphic form ALFONSV REX / PORTVGAL and the specific iconographic pattern of this variant, where the cross pattée is flanked by crescents in the odd quadrants and stars in the even ones. This issue reflects the morphological diversity of Afonso III’s coinage, with notable die and legend variations recorded in Alberto Gomes (A3.02.15).

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Afonso III showing the morphological diversity of Afonso III’s dies, visible in the irregular arrangement of pellets within the shields and in the natural variations of module and weight typical of hammered coinage. This specimen belongs to the A3.02.15 typology and illustrates the technical and iconographic development of the 2nd Group issues.

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Afonso III, assigned to the 2nd Group of the A3 typology and identified by the epigraphic form ALFONSVS RЄX, notable for the curved “Є” letter, a distinctive paleographic feature of this variant. It preserves the group’s iconographic pattern, with a cross pattée flanked by crescents in the odd quadrants and stars in the even ones. Classified by Alberto Gomes as A3.02.30.

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Afonso III belonging to the A3.02.30 variant, identifiable by the epigraphic form ALFONSVS RЄX, where the curved “Є” reflects the paleographic style of this series. This specimen shows minor die variations, noticeable in the arrangement of pellets within the shields and in the definition of the corded circle, typical of hammered coinage from the 2nd Group.

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Afonso III assigned to the A3.02.31 variant, recognised by the epigraphic form ALFONSVS RЄX, where the curved “Є” stands out as a distinctive paleographic feature of this series. It preserves the 2nd Group iconographic pattern with a cross pattée and alternating symbols in the quadrants, illustrating the technical development of Afonso III’s coinage.

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Afonso III from the A3.02.31 variant, recognised by the epigraphic form ALFONSVS RЄX featuring the curved “Є”, typical of the 2nd Group issues. This specimen shows features inherent to hammered production, noticeable in the shaping of the corded circle and the morphology of the shields, illustrating the die variability found in Afonso III’s coinage.

Medieval billon dinheiro of King Afonso III from the 11th Group (A3.11.01), identified by the epigraphic form ALFONSVS RЄX / PORTVGAL and by the distinctive iconography of this variant, in which each shield contains five pellets arranged in a saltire. The coin preserves the traditional cross pattée on the obverse and the cruciform arrangement of shields on the reverse, illustrating the technical development of Afonso III’s billon issues.